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A Ruff Guide to Referencing (APA)

Monday, 09 March 2009 07:30 Staff

How do I reference?

Referencing material from this site causes some confusion....... so....

When you download a PDF from the site you should reference that document, not us!
If you use "our" ideas as written in the Ruff guides or "editors comments" then you should reference us! [as an electronic source], unless we are quoting from elsewhere.
We use the American Psychological Association [APA] referencing system on this site and the full APA reference is clearly indicated on each library page. Each document in the repository archive is named in the APA style.

The following is designed to provide you with the basics of APA referencing......... download this at the foot of this page.

See our guide to referencing.......

Attachments:
File	Description
apa_referencing_basics.pdf	APA Referencing: Basics

Last Updated on Wednesday, 15 April 2009 16:06 Learn more

What is Plagiarism

Monday, 09 March 2009 08:42 Staff

Plagiarism is the improper use of another's ideas or words.

Two types of plagiarism exist: plagiarism of structure and plagiarism of content.

Plagiarism of structure is the use of another's logical order in an essay, steps of reasoning in a paragraph or section, or order of elements in a sentence.

If an author uses six paragraphs to describe in detail the process through which a dictator took power, you cannot construct your essay to copy that exact structure of six paragraphs detailing those steps. You can summarize those six steps within your work, as long as you provide a proper citation.

Additionally, if an author states, "Since the proletariat rose as a whole to support the dictator, they created the means by which he took control," and you change the sentence to say, "Because the great majority, made mostly of workers, got behind the dictator fully, they made the situation in which he came to power," you have paraphrased the author's idea but copied his original structure. Even with a citation, this is plagiarism because you have directly copied the author's structure. In this case, a direct quotation would have been appropriate.

Plagiarism of content is the failure to cite a summary, paraphrase, or direct quotation; failure to put a direct quoatation in quotation marks; and failure to keep summaries and paraphrases in your own words.

A summary is the condensed information from an original source. For example, a summary of a three-paragraph section may be condensed into one or two sentences. A summary should not repeat any specific words or phrases unless they are placed into quotation marks and cited separately. Summaries are always cited.

A paraphrase uses roughly the same amount of words as the original source. It should not repeat any specific words or phrases, and it should not order elements in the same fashion as the original (see plagiarism of structure). Paraphrases are always cited.

Any direct word-for-word use of any of the author's original language must be placed within quotation marks and properly cited.

Last Updated on Thursday, 16 April 2009 14:31

Punctuation

Monday, 09 March 2009 08:45 Jon Cryer

Using Commas

These are main comma rules, but one should note that rules for direct address, clarity, interjections, addresses, dates, and numbers do exist. These rules cover those commas that separate items and those that join items.

Rule 1: Separating Items in a Series

Use a comma to separate items in a list of three or more.

Examples: America’s landscape is composed of deserts, mountains, plains, and forests.

The astronauts’ mission was to land on Mars, take soil samples, and come back safely.

Notice that the items in a series, whether nouns, verbs, or clauses, must remain parallel, meaning that all of the items in that series must be nouns.

Rule 2: Separating Introductory Elements from the Main Clause

Use a comma to separate an introductory word or clause from the independent clause.

Examples: After three years of intense therapy, I was able to write again.

Today, I will call my friend.

Although the terms of the contract were unclear, no one disputed it.

Therefore, you need a comma.

Rule 3: Separating Coordinating Adjectives

Use a comma between coordinating adjectives. You can tell coordinating adjectives by inserting the word “and” between them and switching their order. If they still make sense, they are coordinating and require a comma.

Examples: The dry, boring man was elected to office.

The large brown elephant ramped through the streets. No comma is necessary because “large” is modifying the type of elephant (brown).

Last Updated on Wednesday, 15 April 2009 15:59 Read more...

sports development

A Ruff Guide to Referencing (APA)

How do I reference?

What is Plagiarism

Punctuation

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